Category Archives: General Safety Issues

OBSERVE NATIONAL DISTRACTED DRIVING MONTH

 April is designated as National Distracted Driving Awareness Month. Every day we should observe all the ways we need to be safe while behind the wheel. These ideas are for everyone who drives, no matter your age. How many times you have let some sort of distraction cause you to not pay attention to your safety and that of your passengers? 

Here are some ideas, which you all have read before, but we are going to keep trying to let you know how important this is. 

First of all, DON‘T talk on a cell phone while you are driving if you have children in the car. You may use a hands-free device, but you will still be letting your train of thought veer away from safe driving, and you are setting a bad example for your kids. If they think it’s ok because mom and dad talk or their cell phone and drive, someday they will, too. 

Here are some more driving DON’T’s: 

  • Don’t drink and drive, and never get in a car with someone who has been using drugs or drinking.
  • Don’t text and drive……ever! Pull over, please don’t take the chance!
  • Don’t make assumptions about what other drivers are going to do. Just because someone has their turn signal on does not mean they are actually going to turn. They may be like the rest of us, and have forgotten that it is on!
  • DON’T assume that other cars can read your mind, either. Make sure that you use your turn signals and give yourself, and the cars around you, plenty of room to maneuver.
  • DON’T tailgate other cars, pass on shoulders, fail to yield, run stoplights or stop signs (even if no one else seems to be around), or break any other rules of the road on purpose. If you act like you are above the law when you operate a car, you will sooner, rather than later, find out that you are not.
  • DON’T play your car stereo so loudly that you are disruptive to others, or so loudly that you are unable to hear train signals or emergency vehicle sirens.
  • DON’T engage in other activities, while driving, that distract your attention or reduce your reaction time. Eating, changing clothes, or putting on makeup while driving is dangerous. In some states, if you are caught doing these things while driving you can be cited for “driver inattention” and given a ticket.
  • DON’T treat a car like it is a toy. It is not. Don’t use your car to play chicken, race, or give another car a friendly “tap.”
  • DON’T let your emotions and frustrations get the best of you. Don’t engage in road rage, no matter how irritating another driver might be to you.
  • DON’T activate the cruise control when driving in wet conditions. There can be a build up of water under the tires, and could cause hydroplaning. (This is not a distracted driving tip, but an important DON’T to add to your list.)
  • DON’T drive if you are sleepy. Ask your passenger to drive, or wait until your head is clear. Needing sleep really distracts you from your driving responsibility. 

DO DRIVE DEFENSIVELY. If you have a group in your car, let them lead the conversation so you can keep your eyes on the road at all times. Stay safe and take this message to heart. If you let some distraction cause you to have an accident while driving, chances are someone will get hurt and you will be responsible. So “drive friendly”,  as we say in Texas, and drive responsibly!

TODAY IS EARTH DAY – ARE YOU DOING YOUR PART TO KEEP IT “GREEN?”

Origin of Earth Day

In the 1960s, there were many concerns about the awareness regarding the environment among Americans. During this period, U.S senator and environmentalist, Gaylord Nelson, tried to galvanize the conservation movement through the appropriate creation of a national celebration.

Nelson made many efforts in the Congress to pass legislation to protect the popular Appalachian Trail. He also tried to pass a legislation to ban the use of DDT. In order to organize the first Earth Day, Nelson sought some help from Denis Hayes, who was a graduate of Harvard University.

The first Earth Day was celebrated on 22nd April, 1970. It was specifically designed as an environmental awareness program. Its aim was to educate participants about the importance of conserving the environment. In 1990, Denis Hayes organized a global Earth Day. It was observed in more than 140 countries by 200 million persons. 

Every year on April 22, over a billion people in 190 countries take action for Earth Day. From San Francisco to San Juan, Beijing to Brussels, Moscow to Marrakesh, people plant trees, clean up their communities, contact their elected officials, and more—all on behalf of the environment.Like Earth Days of the past, Earth Day 2014 will focus on the unique environmental challenges of our time. As the world’s population migrates to cities, and as the bleak reality of climate change becomes increasingly clear, the need to create sustainable communities is more important than ever. Earth Day 2014 will seek to do just that through its global theme: Green Cities. With smart investments in sustainable technology, forward-thinking public policy, and an educated and active public, we can transform our cities and forge a sustainable future. Nothing is more powerful than the collective action of a billion people. 

Forty-four years ago, Earth Day began. Great strides have been made through technology by improving water quality, air quality, and recycling. We still have a long way to go, and if you haven’t done your part to make our earth a cleaner place, start today.

  • Dispose of old computers  through the correct channels, as the monitors contain materials that are very harmful.
  • There are ways to destroy personal information by use of shredders. Professional shredding companies contract with hospitals and other businesses to safely remove old paper records.
  • Ride a bike to work, or just simply for the exercise.
  • Teach your children to know the difference between recycling materials and those that we simply toss away.
  • Plastic bottles, plastic grocery sacks are hard on our environment; take reusable bags to the grocery stores,
  • Drink water from a glass rather than a plastic bottle. There are washable cups with lids that you can carry your coffee, tea, or water with you while away from the house.
  • Carry a sack with you when you go for a walk, and pick up debris that others have simply tossed aside.
  • Help keep our lakeshores clean.
  • Plant a tree.

There are so many ways each one of us can do our part, and those small tasks can help improve our little corner of the world.  If everyone would do the same, and businesses would make every effort to comply with environmental laws, what an even greater earth it would be!

For more ideas or to volunteer to help spread the word, check out the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency website.

Source:  Earth Day Network; Earth Day 2014

 

PREVENTING AUTO ACCIDENTS IN WORK ZONES – KEEP YOUR WORKERS SAFE! (GUEST POST)

Road workers brave many of the most unsafe working conditions around, including inclement weather, dangerous heavy equipment, work performed from heights, and potential electrical hazards. On top of these already risky conditions, motor vehicle traffic speeds by the work site constantly, threatening the unwary worker with serious injury or death.

Motor vehicle collisions with road workers are an all-too-common occurrence.  According to a recent U.S. Bureau of Labor study, 962 workers were killed at road construction sites from 2003 through 2010. Of these deaths, nearly half (442) occurred when a worker was struck by a vehicle or moving equipment. The study found that workers are equally as likely to be struck by highway traffic as they are mobile construction equipment.

To reduce the risk of injury and death, road workers and construction managers can implement a few simple procedures:

Increase Visibility

When it comes to keeping workers safe from highway traffic, visibility is key.  The Bureau of Labor study found that of the 92 people killed while flagging or performing traffic control duties, only 20 were wearing reflective or high-visibility clothing at the time.

Every precaution should be taken to ensure that workers are visible to oncoming traffic. High-visibility clothing should be worn by every person, but especially those conducting traffic. Yellow or green reflective clothing is preferable to orange, as different colors keep workers from blending in with orange construction signs.

Slow Traffic Down

According to several studies around the country, one of the most effective ways to slow down traffic before entering a construction zone is to plant a stationary police vehicle ahead of where road work begins. One Virginia study showed that the presence of a police vehicle slowed traffic by an average of 12 to 14 miles per hour.

In addition to a police presence, traffic can be slowed by using funneling or lane reduction techniques. Single lanes of traffic tend to move much slower than two or three lanes of traffic. In addition, cars are less likely to try and pass slower vehicles when there is only a single lane. This can prevent an aggressive motorist from swerving into a construction zone while trying to pass.

Use Traffic Barriers

Cones, barrels, and other lane separation techniques keep motorists at a safe distance from workers. Barriers also provide a cushion of safety from inattentive or distracted drivers. A driver who does hit a barrier will hopefully be jolted into awareness before driving into and injuring road workers.

Train Workers on Safety Awareness

Every worker should be trained on the best way to minimize their vulnerability while working next to traffic. A worker’s situational awareness is vital for avoiding both highway traffic and heavy construction equipment moving around the site. Thirteen per cent of all deaths in the Bureau of Labor study were caused by workers simply passing through the construction site. Teaching workers the proper techniques for entering, exiting, and passing through a site can significantly decrease the number of injuries and deaths reported every year

Analyze the Activity Area

Trained safety professionals should review a changing worksite on a regular basis to look for potential hazards. These professionals should try and minimize the zones where heavy equipment will need to back up, and should look for ways to implement any engineering, administrative, or personal protection measures that are needed to improve safety.

No matter what precautions workers take, injuries can still happen, especially with inattentive, distracted, or impaired drivers on the road. By taking the proper precautions, however, road workers can minimize their risk of injury and increase their odds of returning home safely. 

These road worker safety tips are provided by the South Florida personal injury firm of Gordon & Doner. Our firm is dedicated to holding negligent and irresponsible drivers accountable for the injuries caused to road workers in construction zones.

Our thanks to Jason Swilley for these great tips.  Again, April 7-11 was National Work Zone Awareness Week, and we can’t remind drivers too many times to slow down and watch for those who build our roads and keep them safe! pb

 

HAVE A SAFE HOLIDAY WEEKEND!

There will be many travelers over the Easter Holiday weekend, and we want to wish them safe adventures wherever they go.  Sunrise Services will be observed throughout the world, and for those wishing to attend, allow time to arrive safely, due to the early hours these observances are held.  Many families will gather in their church of choice for the true reason we celebrate Easter, the miracle of Christ’s resurrection. 

Happy memories of  Easter Egg hunts come to mind for this grandmother.  The fun of watching my children and grandchildren hunt through the grass and yard for those colorful treasures was so much fun; however, it also reminds me of how hard it was for me to find those things!  My best friend would always have to share hers with me, because I usually came up with nothing!  (These were the hunts we had at school.) Thanks, Mackie!

If you are fortunate to get to spend time with family and friends during this long weekend, enjoy every minute of it.  If you find yourself spending time on a short trip, enjoy that, too.  Life is too short to waste on worries, instead, live every day as though it were your last. 

From all the folks at Texas America Safety Company, and Blog4Safety – Have a safe and happy Easter holiday.  pb

 

HOW ROBOTIC AUTOMATION CAN INCREASE SAFETY (GUEST POST)

With quick returns on investment, robotic automation is no longer just for the large manufacturing companies. Automated systems make companies more competitive with high production rates, while keeping quality standards. Robots can take over the more mundane, tedious jobs freeing up highly skilled workers to focus on complex tasks. Along with expanded efficiency and productivity, robotic automation can also increase safety. 

Robotic automation automates more hazardous jobs, allowing workers to move into supervisory roles in the company. Rather than taking the necessary precautions to put people into hazardous situations, investing in robotic systems can save the cost of those provisions. These improvements to workplace safety can prove invaluable. 

The nature of robotic systems has not only increased safety, but also offers workers a better environment in the workplace. Instead of keeping people in low skill, labor positions, robotics have freed up the workplace to move valuable employees into higher skilled positions. These high-level positions also increase individual pay. However, this comes at no additional cost to the employer. Since one robot can do the same job that it may take up to ten employees to execute, the cost savings counteract any increase in paying highly skilled employees. 

Adding to the list of savings robotic automation offers, the increased safety robots give pays off in the long-term. When worker safety is improved, finances improve. Companies can save on costs in areas such as healthcare, insurance, and workers compensation. On top of that, properly programmed automated robots offer consistency in output, along with increased production speed. All of these factors can join to not only better the work environment for employees, but also help a company’s bottom line. 

Automation offers guaranteed results and a faster return on investment. For those companies that still may be on the fence about whether or not robotic will help your company grow — these systems have shown that they’re here to stay and have proven to be an all-encompassing win-win in modern manufacturing.  

Bio:
 “This particular article from Katie Netherton, a blogger and writer for an SEO and marketing company, shows that while there’s no arguing the cost benefits of robotic automation, time has also shown that these systems can make life better for employees.  Katie has a background in journalism and contributes articles for various newsletters and websites.” 

SAFETY TIPS YOU SHOULD FOLLOW WHEN RIDING IN TAXIS AND CABS (GUEST POST)

Whether you have your own conveyance or not, you’ll have to invariably depend on public transportation at some point in time. Especially, if you’re visiting a new place, taxis come in very handy, but there are safety tips you need to understand before hiring them. Here’s telling you a few things you should know:

Hiring a reliable and trustworthy taxi service can be a daunting task. Though there are no problems whatsoever while riding in a secure taxi, but in case you run out of luck, you can face problems such as – LPG smell, unkempt cars and even rude drivers. Amidst all such issues what matters the most is your safety.

Unlike private transportation, you don’t have charge of the wheels in public transport. There are individuals today, who would go to any extent to get money and using taxis to lure victims is a very common thing!

So maximize your safety while hiring taxis – follow the tips mentioned below:

1.    Plan and Know Your Journey

It will be a lot safer for you if you know exactly where you are and where you plan to go.  Take note of all important landmarks on your way to avoid getting lost. This way you’ll even get to know whether the driver is taking you along the right way or not.

Route out your journey, make use of maps if required – giving directions to your cab driver would be a great help as your driver will be ascertained that you’re familiar with the place. Using GPS technology is the best way to keep tab on your journey and the destination to which a driver is transporting you.

If possible ride in groups instead of riding alone and avoid travelling during night time.

2.    Take Note and References of Reputed Taxi Companies

Doing homework at your end will save you a great amount of trouble later!

This is perhaps the most important step that you should follow when planning to hire any sort of transportation service.

There are reputable and registered taxi companies in and around every area. Get as much information and reviews about these companies online and also ask your friends and acquaintances to share their experiences of these companies with you.

3.    Riding Alone – Take The Back Seat, Lock & Check The Doors And Windows

Your safety is in your hands!

Do not consider sitting at the back seat as a sign of disrespect – it’s simply a precautionary measure. Lots of criminals gain an upper hand over their prey once they get a good hold of them. Even if the driver of the cab asks you to sit in front, take your initiative and sit at the back seat or you should all the way prefer to hire another cab as it’s strange for a driver to ask his customer to sit beside him.

Once you get inside a cab, lock the door and see if you can open the door again after unlocking it. Many criminal minds often lock their doors to keep you off from getting out.  Also check if you can pull down the windows of the cab as the driver may use chemicals from the airconditioner  to render you unconscious.

If you feel bad inside the cab it is advisable to stop the journey and get out of the place immediately.

Author Bio:

If you are in Irving and need a taxi cab service, calling an Irving taxi company is the best choice.  With Taxi Hub Dallas within the Irving taxi cab service area, it will not only provide Taxi service in Irving TX but will also provide cab service in the metroplex area. Cab service in Irving tx will take you from your location by Taxi to DFW airport.

Submitted by Shakil Ahmed,  owner of Taxihubdallas.com.  We appreciate these great tips for keeping passengers safe; however, being a taxi driver can be risky as well.  Thanks, Shakil. pb

TIPS TO STOP BURGLARS FROM TARGETING YOUR HOME (GUEST POST)

From working long hours and feeling overloaded at work, it is possible for us to pay less attention to the importance of home security. However, burglars will always find the easiest way in and they love your busy schedules. Most burglaries are crimes of opportunities, and that can make you and your family the potential victims. Also, when burglaries happen, police often have difficulties tracking them down.  So, making sure your home is completely secured when you are at work or away from home is always important since vacant homes can always be the targets.  It is good to take caution to minimize the damage or reduce the risk of burglaries. And there is definitely a lot more to keep your home safe than simply locking the door. Here is a list of safety tips that you can use to make your home less attractive to burglars: 

Light up Your Home – Remember to light up your interiors and exteriors. Motion detecting lights are a great deterrent to burglars. If they try to break into your house after dark, the motion flood lights will scare them away when the lights turn on all of a sudden. These lights also draw the neighbors’ attention, and your neighbors can easily notice what is happening when you are not at home.  

Alarm Your House – In addition to double-checking that all your doors and windows are locked, a home security system can be smart choice by monitoring your house day and night. Common security system features include motion sensors and sirens, and you just need to make sure that the alarm is loud enough so that you can make your house a less attractive target. Also, make sure to consider customized security systems to fit your home’s unique needs because a customized security system gives you the flexibility to add wireless security cameras and other home automation equipment. Therefore, even the smartest burglars will think twice before breaking into your house. 

Be Mindful of Your Trash – There is no need to show the whole world that you just bought a fancy purse! A bunch of empty boxes or bags out is apparently an open invitation to burglars. Remember to cut the boxes down and put them in the trash bag before throwing them out. 

Display Nothing Valuable – If someone can easily look into your window and see all valuables you have in open sight, you’d better keep them somewhere else. Some fancy electronics placed in front of a ground-floor window can obviously make your house an easy target. Do not leave anything valuable for the world to see even if you really want to show off. 

Befriend Your Neighbors – Make friends and know your neighbors because maybe your neighbors can help you in an emergency one day. In too many cases we spend time at work, and your neighbor can be the person who let you know if there is a stranger lurking around or if someone is trying to break into your house when you are not home. Therefore, make friends with your neighbors and ask them to look out for your house can definitely help you fight against burglars. 

Do Not Leave Your Key in The Mailbox – This is a very common home security tip, but many people still tend to ignore it. Leaving your key in the mailbox or under the doormat is another open invitation to burglars who want to enter your home. Do not hide keys because burglars know where they are. 

Now it is your turn to think about if your home is really safe when you leave for work. Protecting your home and family from burglaries should be on your list of top priorities.

 

These safety tips are provided by Lynn L. on behalf of Protection 1®, one of the largest and most respected national security companies in the U.S., please check out:

Visit Protection 1 – http://www.protection1.com/

Home security – http://www.protection1.com/home-security-systems/

Home automation – http://www.protection1.com/home-automation/

 today for more expert knowledge on best practices for keeping house safe.

National Fire Protection Association Diamonds – What Do They Mean? (Guest Post)

NFPA Diamonds – What Do They Mean?

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is an organization that supports research, training, and education on the topics of fire-related hazards. In promoting their goal of reducing fire and other hazard-related hardships, they have created standards and codes to alert of and prevent hazardous situations. 

The NFPA specified a system to identify hazards in section 704 of the National Fire Code. Referred to as NFPA 704, the code developed a hazard identification system that is arranged in the shape of a diamond and uses colors, numbers, and symbols to identify the potentially hazardous materials held within a container or structure. 

The NFPA 704 signs are usually referred to as NFPA diamonds, 704 diamonds, or NFPA placards. The colors used on the signs are blue, red, yellow, and white, each for a type of chemical hazard. A number ranging from 0 to 4 or symbol is labeled within each colored area to alert of the severity of each hazard. 

The Blue Diamond – Health

The blue section of NFPA diamonds identify health hazards associated with each material. Health hazards can range from skin irritants to carcinogens, and are numbered based on their potential damage to a person’s health when the material is exposed to fire conditions. 

With each progressing level of hazard, emergency response personnel would adjust their level of personal protection. This would range from standard firefighting gear like helmets and face shields to specialized protective equipment such as vapor-protective suits. 

A rating of zero denotes that there is no additional hazard beyond that of a normal combustible material such as paper and wood. Examples of these chemicals would be denatured alcohol and peanut oil. 

Materials rated as one can cause irritation but only slightly lingering injury. Materials with this rating include acetone, turpentine, and methane. 

If exposure to chemicals rated as two is not habitual or chronic, but still extraordinary, temporary incapacitation or lasting injury may occur. Ammonia gas, benzene, chloroform, and styrene carry this level of hazard. 

More serious is the rating of three, which includes hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide, and mustard oil. Chemicals such as these may cause serious lasting injury, even during a short period of exposure. 

NFPA diamonds for materials that pose the greatest health risks have blue areas marked with four. These materials can cause death or major residual injury with the shortest exposure times. These hazardous materials include sarin, hydrogen cyanide, and chlorine. 

The Red Diamond – Flammability

NFPA diamonds’ red section alerts and identifies flammable hazards. The same scale of zero to four is used. Materials with a zero rating typically will not burn. Even if materials have a high rating as a health hazard, this does not mean that it is necessarily a high risk to combust. Chlorine, with the health rating of four, has a zero rating for flammability. 

Materials that need to be pre-heated before ignition can start commonly include oils, such as whale oil and corn oil, along with many types of wax. These materials are rated in level one on NFPA diamonds. 

Materials that will only combust when exposed to high temperatures or moderate heat have the rating of two. Camphor, diesel fuel, and pine tar are included in this rating. 

Flammability rating three includes materials that can combust under almost all ambient temperatures. In workplaces, these would also be known as open flame hazards, and include gasoline and crude petroleum. 

The most flammable materials are rated the highest at four. Propane, hydrogen gas, and methane are examples of materials that will quickly or completely vaporize at normal temperatures and pressures, or will disperse in the air and combust. 

The Yellow Diamond – Reactivity

Chemical reactivity on NFPA diamonds is measured in the yellow section. Reactivity refers to a material’s tendency to interact with other materials and the rate of the reaction. 

Corn oil, chlorine, and methane, all with varying ratings for health and flammability hazards, share a zero reactivity rating. These materials are normally stable, even under fire conditions. 

Materials that are also normally stable, but may become unstable at higher pressures and temperatures, are rated at one on NFPA diamonds. Lye, despite its high health hazard rating, is rated at this level. 

Chemicals that react violently and even becoming explosive with water, or at elevated temperatures and pressures, have a NFPA diamond reactivity rating of two. Potassium and lithium are two elements that carry this rating. 

Materials that react explosively with water, or are able to explode with a strong source of combustion, such as gaseous fluorine, have a level three rating. 

The most explosive materials, capable of detonation at normal pressures and temperatures, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), are the most reactive, and NFPA diamonds have a four rating for these. 

The White Diamond – Special Notices

There are symbols in NFPA diamonds that alert responders to materials that can pose additional or increased hazard and require special precautions. Two symbols are included in the 1990 edition of the NFPA 704 standard.  They are: “W” and “OX.” 

W” refers to materials that react unusually with water, such as with calcium. Calcium is used in a variety of processes, and when exposed to water a reaction creates hydrogen gas, which is extremely flammable. 

“OX” symbolizes oxidizing materials on NFPA diamonds. Flammable materials need oxygen to complete the chemical reaction and burn. Oxidizing materials allow chemicals to burn without oxygen. A chemical as common as hydrogen peroxide, found in medicine cabinets to clean wounds, is a strong oxidizer, and could keep a fire burning through this type of reaction. 

By understanding what the sections of NFPA diamonds alert responders to, and that the numbers correspond with severity levels, you can avoid unnecessary risks in the workplace around potentially hazardous materials. This helps increase safety in your workplace and reinforces the reason why the NFPA created the 704 standard and the NFPA diamond signs.

 

About the Author: Stephen Luke is a writer for SafetySign.com, a leading supplier of chemical safety signs, traffic signs, parking signs, and more.

APRIL IS INJURY PREVENTION MONTH, SO PLAY IT SAFE!

 Our parent company, Texas America Safety Company, is dedicated to providing the very best safety products for all types of business, from construction, office, manufacturing, healthcare, oil field, law enforcement, to the military.  Because April is Injury Prevention Month, we want to tell our readers that “Safety” is our middle name, and we are encouraging everyone to be as safe on the job, on the road, or at home or play as they can be. 

Safety is a keystone in every company’s foundation. Without a strong safety program, all other aspects of a company’s performance suffer.  Every company should have the goal of providing the best personal protective equipment and safety training for the entire work fleet.  Employees may become bored with the usual safety meeting presentations, so it is important that they are able to participate and be a part of the company’s plan in order to be in compliance with OSHA standards.  New employees should have the opportunity to understand what they are expected to do on their job – be trained the right way to do things, and have it explained in their home language in case they don’t comprehend English very well. 

There are many statistics on how many persons are injured or killed annually in car accidents, home accidents, sports, and work.  Our main objective is to help protect those who go to work every day with the plan of coming home safely at the end of their shift.  If you observe someone at your workplace who is “an accident waiting to happen,” tell your supervisor before it actually does!  We know there will always be someone who takes chances on the job, knowing they are at risk.  One false move may be their last.  Anyone who gets behind the wheel knows they are at risk of being in an accident.  The best advice is to pay attention to the other driver, and forget about the cell phone and other distractions.  Farmers know the best ways to operate equipment and how to handle animals.  They also know that an accident can happen at any time.  Construction workers are at the top of the list for injuries.  There are  many hazards for most jobs; we just can’t be too cautious about being injured. 

We ask that everyone uses a strategy to avoid becoming injured.  Taking your time and doing the job right, whether it is yard work, housework, playing sports, office work, or physical labor, do it right, and don’t risk having to go to the hospital.  Lost work time costs the employer; it may require hiring another person to replace someone temporarily while the worker recovers. 

Our EMT’s, firefighters, and law enforcement are to be commended, as they are the first responders in times of accidents; they treat the injured and rush them to hospitals for care.  Their jobs are not easy ones, and even they sometimes get injured on the job.  

Whether your job requires eye, head, hand, respiratory protection, or any other equipment, check out www.tasco-safety.com for your special needs.

Let’s all play it smart and stay safe.